Appendices
| Keywords | Label | Political |
|---|---|---|
| project, land, construct, airport, fli, floor, flight | development (large-scale) | 1 |
| school, counti, district, durham, raleigh, fresno, madison | education | 1 |
| gun, fire, kill, shoot, dead, self, arm | guns | 1 |
| els, hospit, volunt, sick, doctor, nurs, clinic | healthcare | 1 |
| crime, homeless, drug, mental, test, weed, jail | homelessness and crime | 1 |
| hous, price, rent, apart, afford, cheaper, landlord | housing | 1 |
| court, record, camera, depart, sent, suspect, lawyer | law, crime, and deviance | 1 |
| support, trump, polit, republican, democrat, presid, impeach | national politics | 1 |
| mani, peopl, poor, complain, arent, folk, aren | poor people and communities | 1 |
| line, train, station, bus, class, rail, track | public transportation | 1 |
| racist, logic, racism, argu, argument, impli, insult | racism | 1 |
| stop, turn, sign, across, cross, street, block | streets and driving | 1 |
| car, drive, road, traffic, lane, driver, bike | traffic | 1 |
| time, cancel, spectrum, fiber, cabl, atampt, verizon | utilities | 1 |
| vote, win, forget, mayor, council, voter, regist | voting: local politics | 1 |
| money, tax, compani, wage, profit, minimum, financi | wages and employment | 1 |
| dog, door, cat, neighbor, hey, insid, anim | animals | 0 |
| bar, drink, beer, music, breweri, band, chill | bars and drinking | 0 |
| love, nice, enjoy, pictur, beauti, wow, photo | beauty | 0 |
| card, bag, tip, trash, packag, deliveri, deliv | buying and selling | 0 |
| need, gonna, licens, yall, fix, inspect, chang | cars: driving and repairing | 0 |
| kid, hard, done, worri, quit, anymor, wouldnt | children, teenagers, and parenting | 0 |
| san, seattl, portland, oakland, phoenix, bore, francisco | city names | 0 |
| play, game, late, weekend, team, art, museum | events | 0 |
| fit, like, youd, type, bit, gym, workout | fitness | 0 |
| food, eat, pizza, chicken, taco, burger, tast | food | 0 |
| bet, fort, third, ball, farmer, wayn, fyi | fun | 0 |
| day, today, christma, holiday, tomorrow, memori, tonight | holidays and celebrations | 0 |
| town, texa, austin, buffalo, dalla, ohio, omaha | locations | 0 |
| year, old, tulsa, toledo, happi, orlean, new | locations | 0 |
| citi, chicago, nyc, suburb, urban, detroit, atlanta | locations | 0 |
| park, hill, ave, loop, grove, downtown, west | neighborhoods | 0 |
| guy, wife, ampxb, girl, shes, ladi, brother | relationships | 0 |
| store, shop, mall, groceri, santa, cloth, walmart | shopping | 0 |
| friend, meet, mine, date, togeth, hang, met | socializing | 0 |
| work, leav, stay, alon, dad, comfort, key | vacation and relaxation | 0 |
| water, snow, winter, lake, weather, trail, summer | weather conditions | 0 |
| yes, piss, holi, sh*t, aint, well, crap | conversation | |
| thank, might, definit, suggest, info, find, name | conversation | |
| get, back, don, can, start, let, soon | conversation | |
| thought, guess, didn, didnt, wasnt, knew, saw | conversation | |
| post, delet, read, comment, edit, sub, downvot | conversation | |
| wonder, hope, kind, appreci, okay, ill, check | conversation | |
| realli, know, damn, pretti, bad, honest, dang | conversation | |
| curious, just, fine, bright, sh*tti, assum, headphon | conversation | |
| long, beach, short, bridg, Florida, island, tourist | conversation | |
| that, lol, sad, haha, probabl, yep, though | conversation | |
| tell, pleas, news, reddit, rule, concern, contact | conversation | |
| awesom, gotta, film, omg, hahaha, congrat, dope | conversation | |
| agre, complet, absolut, total, terribl, couldnt, opinion | conversation | |
| dont, think, mean, theyr, understand, bother, anyway | conversation | |
| right, now, your, dummi, step, mover, gracious | conversation | |
| ask, life, real, answer, quick, welcom, lmao | conversation | |
| never, ive, ever, seen, heard, havent, felt | conversation | |
| make, sure, want, sens, differ, doesn, easier | conversation | |
| see, come, surpris, crazi, either, glad, unfortun | conversation | |
| f*ck, yeah, man, hate, dude, suck, stupid | conversation | |
| miss, luck, what, fair, good, fell, besid | conversation | |
| look, someth, kinda, feel, mayb, odd, seem | conversation | |
| one, two, got, least, rememb, shock, trick | conversation | |
| still, end, consid, also, imagin, alreadi, actual | conversation |
| Keywords | Labels |
|---|---|
| new, hous, build, apart, develop, unit, York | development |
| sure, prett, .train, statio, subway, track, platform | public transit |
| said, video, told, write, mail, detail, sent | conversation |
| water, cold, snow, winter, beach, weather, air | weather |
| guy, tell, f*ck, dude, reddit, ass, thread | conversation |
| nice, wow, weekend, seat, tree, fli, window | conversation |
| think, dont, someth, theyr, agre, might, honest | conversation |
| your, white, racist, race, color, jew, racism | racism |
| thing, realli, bad, hard, sad, huh, bore | conversation |
| back, got, thought, damn, glad, rememb, went | conversation |
| that, noth, absolut, crazi, terribl, close, dick | conversation |
| vote, support, trump, polit, power, republican, democrat | national politics |
| nyc, manhattan, cuItur, tourist, brooklyn, queen, bronx | locations |
| store, shop, bag, packag, bought, groceri,item | shopping |
| kid, school, famili, parent, learn, student, young | education |
| dog, eat, pizza, hot, favorit, smell, style | food |
| thank, yes, well, wonder, idea, hey, tip | conversation |
| know, don, feel, anyon, didn, anyth, let | conversation |
| get, away, need, youll, take, sick, anyway | conversation |
| crime, ktll, murder, victim, violent, commit, prison | law, crime, and deviance |
| chang, believ, miss, God, simpl, truli, perhap | conversation |
| chicago, south, loop, suburb, move, Florida, coast | locations |
| job, work, doesn, save, wast, hire, instead | Jobs |
| way, either, better, wors, life, real, ahead | conversation |
| mayb, figur, aren, mine, theyll, jump, bare | conversation |
| sound, order, boomer, flu, nowher, circl, vlbe | conversation |
| legal, weed, licens, dispensari, medic, illeg, drug | drugs |
| now, old, leav, imagin, what, sleep, drunk | conversation |
| squar, crowd, corner, Lincoln, ave, ice, logan | locations |
| polic, gun, protect, secur, enforc, cpd, physic | policing |
| except, argument, import, cours, local, hospit, data | healthcare |
| make, doesnt, sens, possibl, differ, mistak, decis | conversation |
| yeah, lol, man, guess, hell, sorri, stupid | conversation |
| put, littl, bit, trash, throw, neighbor, tini | trash |
| car, drive, driver, bus, ride, bike, lane | roads and driving |
| line, turn, light, red, second, blue, camera | transit |
| one, never, ive, delet, ever, seen, heard | conversation |
| lot, there, area, depend, especi, oak, etc | realty |
| just, fine, joke, saw, ask, today, liter | conversation |
| everyon, homeless, els, problem, want, mental, shelter | homelessness |
| world, look, angel, citi, los, seem, part | locations |
| remov, opinion, refer, downvot, gave, awar, purpos | conversation |
| case, happen, evid, clear, fact, court, lawyer | legal issues |
| love, christma, enjoy, wish, photo, beauti, see | celebrations |
| tax, cost, increas, rate, per, incom, dollar | taxes |
| time, day, ago, last, week, hour, next | time |
| find, hope, can, definit, luck, good, soon | conversation |
| sh*t, give, straight, piss, wild, holi.suppos | conversation |
| night, bar, restaur, drink, game, music, beer | bars and drinking |
| check, ill, name, googl, santa, date, free | conversation |
| like, cool, alway, kinda, pictur, yup, super | conversation |
| post, read, articl, question, full, pleas, mention | conversation |
| probabl, come, cant, enough, though, wilshir, least | conversation |
Exploring Cities: Dallas and Fort Worth
We choose to focus on Dallas and Fort Worth because it allows us to compare two nearby cities that are, nonetheless, different cities with separate subreddits. In this section, we model how one could use visualization and topic modeling simultaneously to draw out different aspects of discussion. Specifically, the visualization is especially good at understanding emphasis, how words fit together, and how topics fit together, while the STM is useful for understanding which discrete topics exist and for statistical modeling. In this section, we show how we can use that strategy to paint a picture of politics in Dallas and Fort Worth.
As before, we can use the word networks to identify topics in each city and compare and contrast those topics. Unlike before, we ran the STM strictly on data from the Dallas and Fort Worth subreddits (r/Dallas and r/fortworth) to identify topics strictly within those two. The STM found an average of 49 topics within the subreddits, and so we present the results from a model with that number of topics. About half of those topics (24) are topics related to conversations – swearing, thanking people, asking for recommendations, and so forth. Of the remaining 25 substantive topics, we identify 11 of them as political (44% of substantive topics, 22% of all topics). The substantive topics are listed in the table and the complete list of topics is at the end of this appendix.
| keywords | Label | political |
|---|---|---|
| School, design, budget, student, class, fund, lower | education | 1 |
| gun, kill, shoot, murder, arm, death, firearm | gun violence/policing | 1 |
| homeless, background, owner, properti, hundr, remov, sent | homelessness | 1 |
| vote, trump, polit, republican, democrat, impeach, presid | national politics | 1 |
| park, trail, bike, garag, lake, hike, west | public spaces | 1 |
| pay, tax, spend, plan, gas, price, cost | taxes and fees | 1 |
| lane, driver, speed, car, drive, traffic, slow | traffic | 1 |
| wast, recycl, whatev, money, build, counti, issu | trash and recycling | 1 |
| dart, commut, work, rout, rail, transit, trip | public transit | 1 |
| group, white, interest, enough, fair, problem, settlement | race | 1 |
| charg, number, fee, depart, code, ntta, account | fees | 1 |
| camera, curious, stolen, wash, risk, site, swim | beaches | 0 |
| dog, kid, anim, adult, sometim, child, young | children | 0 |
| dalla, houston, dfw, austin, citi, big, live | cities | 0 |
| water, cold, weather, milk, air, heat, keep | cold weather | 0 |
| art, music, oak, coffe, magnolia, uptown, cool | cool neighborhoods | 0 |
| now, christma, back, gone, month, move, stress | December | 0 |
| burger, fri, chicken, taco, tast, mexican, delici | food | 0 |
| store, market, local, groceri, box, rent, sell | groceries | 0 |
| wife, place, bowi, gotta, husband, amp, hey | marriage and relationships | 0 |
| neighborhood, free, yard, hous, bought, craft, room | real estate | 0 |
| comment, find, messag, facebook, remind, page, thread | social media | 0 |
| game, arlington, locat, sport, stadium, irv, cowboy | sports | 0 |
| worth, fort, pictur, great, pic, enjoy, suggest | suggestions | 0 |
| miss, summer, airport, whole, snow, point, denton | vacations | 0 |
Just as we found before, the visualizations and the STM provide us with roughly similar information. The visualizations indicate that discussion in Dallas predominantly revolves around topics of public transportation, traffic, sales tax, and law enforcement. Fort Worth however extends beyond these and includes topics dealing with education, taxes in general, and crime and violence. Both cities contain word groups around the topic of taxes. In Dallas this is sales and property tax, with slightly more emphasis on sales. In Fort Worth the discussion is income and property tax, with more weight on income taxes. Beyond property tax, there is very little discussion of housing matters in either city. There is no mention (excluding property tax) in Dallas and only a small relationship in Fort Worth on “real estate” and “home own”. This would suggest that housing matters (such as regulation or rent control) are not so important in these cities. (This is in very strong contrast to LA where discussion is almost exclusively on housing matters and not on law enforcement and violence).
The STM largely confirms this: taxes and fees emerge in two separate topics, public transit and traffic have one topic each, as does education. Yet the STM also turns up topics in the data that do not emerge in the visualization. For instance, the STM finds an interesting discussion of the costs of recycling and trash collection in the wake of a Chinese ban on tax imports (Zalani 2018). There is also a topic discussing homelessness.
The topic of law enforcement occurs in the visualizations of reddit data in both Dallas and Fort Worth, but the way the topic is discussed suggests the conversation may be at least partially unrelated to the murders. Although the phrases “law enforcement”, “police officer”, and “background check” are common, as is the word “gun”, the topics are neither especially common, nor necessarily connected, and, unlike most discussion of the murders, there is no mention of or connection to race. Instead, the visualizations tell a story about personal protection and gun control. In Dallas, the word “gun” occurs most frequently around the words “bad” and “guy” suggesting that the discussion around guns in Dallas may focus more on the right to have them to protect oneself rather than a conversation on their use following the murder. Similarly, in Fort Worth, the word “gun” is frequently associated with “law enforcement”, “gun law”, “gun control”. This suggests even more strongly that discussion around guns is more likely to be a policy issue of the second amendment for local government in Fort Worth. This is supported by the word pairs “self-defense” and “mass shootings” in Fort Worth, further suggesting that in both cities, conversation about guns is about both policy and personal protection, not officer-involved shootings.
In the STM table below, there is a single topic that brings together all of these words, and the frequent and exclusive (FREX) keywords associated with this topic – gun,kill,shoot,murder,arm,death,firearm – seem to indicate less of a discussion of bad guys and personal protection, and more of a discussion of murder and death. (Other word types associated with this category include “cop” and the stem “polic”, indicating police or policing.)
| Keywords | Label | Political |
|---|---|---|
| school, design, budget, student, class, fund, lower | education | 1 |
| gun, kill, shoot, murder, arm, death, firearm | gun violence/policing | 1 |
| homeless, background, owner, properti, hundr, remov, sent | homelessness | 1 |
| vote, trump, polit, republican, democrat, impeach, presid | national politics | 1 |
| park, trail, bike, garag, lake, hike, west | public spaces | 1 |
| pay, tax, spend, plan, gas, price, cost | taxes and fees | 1 |
| lane, driver, speed, car, drive, traffic, slow | traffic | 1 |
| wast, recycl, whatev, money, build, counti, issu | trash and recycling | 1 |
| dart, commut, work, rout, rail, transit, trip | public transit | 1 |
| group, white, interest, enough, fair, problem, settlement | race | 1 |
| charg, number, fee, depart, code, ntta, account | fees | 1 |
| camera, curious, stolen, wash, risk, site, swim | beaches | 0 |
| dog, kid, anim, adult, sometim, child, young | children | 0 |
| dalla, houston, dfw, austin, citi, big, live | cities | 0 |
| water, cold, weather, milk, air, heat, keep | cold weather | 0 |
| art, music, oak, coffe, magnolia, uptown, cool | cool neighborhoods | 0 |
| now, christma, back, gone, month, move, stress | December | 0 |
| burger, fri, chicken, taco, tast, mexican, delici | food | 0 |
| store, market, local, groceri, box, rent, sell | groceries | 0 |
| wife, place, bowi, gotta, husband, amp, hey | marriage and relationships | 0 |
| neighborhood, free, yard, hous, bought, craft, room | real estate | 0 |
| comment, find, messag, facebook, remind, page, thread | social media | 0 |
| game, arlington, locat, sport, stadium, irv, cowboy | sports | 0 |
| worth, fort, pictur, great, pic, enjoy, suggest | suggestions | 0 |
| miss, summer, airport, whole, snow, point, denton | vacations | 0 |
| got, thought, wonder, glad, door, took, knew | conversation | |
| day, last, year, week, ago, time, happi | conversation | |
| say, sign, read, serious, articl, titl, either | conversation | |
| see, get, ticket, wait, imagin, cant, insur | conversation | |
| still, need, guess, theyr, run, happen, dude | conversation | |
| pretti, realli, good, luck, though, damn, stuff | conversation | |
| like, mayb, felt, kinda, dad, youd, random | conversation | |
| tri, watch, video, super, photo, movi, las | conversation | |
| yes, question, reddit, hell, rather, answer, apart | conversation | |
| that, your, dont, crazi, well, quit, said | conversation | |
| idea, googl, use, bad, app, map, made | conversation | |
| sorri, probabl, suppos, consid, less, trash, normal | conversation | |
| thank, lol, know, ill, post, definit, info | conversation | |
| one, there, anoth, isn, least, wish, yea | conversation | |
| kind, don, can, home, folk, real, paper | conversation | |
| thing, differ, famili, alreadi, weird, end, notic | conversation | |
| look, someth, might, alway, sound, better, feel | conversation | |
| mean, exact, doesn, doesnt, sure, dumb, entir | conversation | |
| hope, make, sub, downvot, haha, wasnt, fine | conversation | |
| ice, tell, forgot, joke, weed, isnt, idk | conversation | |
| didn, anyth, didnt, even, talk, yep, bother | conversation | |
| f*ck, yeah, sh*t, man, lmao, gonna, hard | conversation | |
| ive, seen, heard, rememb, went, never, yesterday | conversation | |
| just, York, think, frustrat, remain, taught, describ | conversation |
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